All technological notes.
Create an LVM name wshare from wgroup volume group. Note the following:
PE size should be 8MB
LVM size should be 50 extents
Format with "ext4" file system and mount it under /mnt/wshare. And it should auto mount after next reboot
Exam can have filesystem - vfat, xfs
# find the new disk
lsblk
# sda 8:0 0 5G 0 disk
# nvme0n1 259:0 0 20G 0 disk
# ├─nvme0n1p1 259:1 0 600M 0 part /boot/efi
# ├─nvme0n1p2 259:2 0 1G 0 part /boot
# └─nvme0n1p3 259:3 0 18.4G 0 part
# ├─rhel-root 253:0 0 16.4G 0 lvm /
# └─rhel-swap 253:1 0 2G 0 lvm [SWAP]
# find the disk location
fdisk -l | grep sda
# Disk /dev/sda: 5 GiB, 5368709120 bytes, 10485760 sectors
# create a new partition
fdisk /dev/sda
n # to create a new partition.
p # for a primary partition
# Accept the default partition number.
# Accept the default start sector
+500M # set the end sector according to calculation
# Created a new partition 1 of type 'Linux' and of size 500 MiB.
t # change the partition type
L # to check the aliases for Linux LVM: 8e
8e # Change type to Linux LVM
# Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux LVM'.
p # confirm
# Disk /dev/sda: 5 GiB, 5368709120 bytes, 10485760 sectors
# Disk model: VMware Virtual S
# Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
# Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
# I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
# Disklabel type: dos
# Disk identifier: 0x98de5601
# Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
# /dev/sda1 2048 1026047 1024000 500M 8e Linux LVM
w # to write the changes and exit.
# confirm
lsblk
# NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTS
# sda 8:0 0 5G 0 disk
# └─sda1 8:1 0 500M 0 part
# nvme0n1 259:0 0 20G 0 disk
# ├─nvme0n1p1 259:1 0 600M 0 part /boot/efi
# ├─nvme0n1p2 259:2 0 1G 0 part /boot
# └─nvme0n1p3 259:3 0 18.4G 0 part
# ├─rhel-root 253:0 0 16.4G 0 lvm /
# └─rhel-swap 253:1 0 2G 0 lvm [SWAP]
# Create physical volume
pvcreate /dev/sda1
# Physical volume "/dev/sda1" successfully created.
# confirm
pvdisplay
# --- Physical volume ---
# PV Name /dev/sda1
# VG Name wgroup
# PV Size 500.00 MiB / not usable 4.00 MiB
# Allocatable yes
# PE Size 4.00 MiB
# Total PE 124
# Free PE 124
# Allocated PE 0
# PV UUID Wype4P-xJT9-u5Mr-b5D0-FYGy-NSwu-GIAbI9
# Create a volume group named wgroup
# -s|--physicalextentsize
vgcreate -s 8M wgroup /dev/sda1
# Volume group "wgroup" successfully created
# confirm the size of PE
vgdisplay wgroup
# --- Volume group ---
# VG Name wgroup
# System ID
# Format lvm2
# Metadata Areas 1
# Metadata Sequence No 1
# VG Access read/write
# VG Status resizable
# MAX LV 0
# Cur LV 0
# Open LV 0
# Max PV 0
# Cur PV 1
# Act PV 1
# VG Size 496.00 MiB
# PE Size 8.00 MiB
# Total PE 62
# Alloc PE / Size 0 / 0
# Free PE / Size 62 / 496.00 MiB
# VG UUID 1u9W5s-8I1y-eBg1-geie-E6sT-Lhy6-a8ubLl
# Create a logical volume
# named wshare
# extent size: 50 extents
# use volume group: wgroup
lvcreate -n wshare -l 50 wgroup
# Logical volume "wshare" created.
# Verify
lvdisplay /dev/wgroup/wshare
# --- Logical volume ---
# LV Path /dev/wgroup/wshare
# LV Name wshare
# VG Name wgroup
# LV UUID KRn9g0-xsKS-HyqV-5pJt-PNsB-NErf-F8QgHb
# LV Write Access read/write
# LV Creation host, time clienthost, 2025-01-22 19:01:35 -0500
# LV Status available
# # open 0
# LV Size 400.00 MiB
# Current LE 50
# Segments 1
# Allocation inherit
# Read ahead sectors auto
# - currently set to 256
# Block device 253:2
# confirm by the LSize = PE * Extent
lvs
# LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
# root rhel -wi-ao---- 16.41g
# swap rhel -wi-ao---- 2.00g
# wshare wgroup -wi-a----- 400.00m
# format the logical volume
mkfs.ext4 /dev/wgroup/wshare
# mke2fs 1.46.5 (30-Dec-2021)
# Creating filesystem with 409600 1k blocks and 102400 inodes
# Filesystem UUID: 895e72d0-93e5-40c6-8156-c749dbae7c31
# Superblock backups stored on blocks:
# 8193, 24577, 40961, 57345, 73729, 204801, 221185, 401409
# Allocating group tables: done
# Writing inode tables: done
# Creating journal (8192 blocks): done
# Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
# Create the mount point /mnt/wshare
mkdir -p /mnt/wshare
# Mount the LVM
mount /dev/wgroup/wshare /mnt/wshare
# confirm
df -h /mnt/wshare
# Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
# /dev/mapper/wgroup-wshare 365M 14K 341M 1% /mnt/wshare
# Configure Auto-Mounting at Boot
vi /etc/fstab
/dev/wgroup/wshare /mnt/wshare ext4 defaults 0 0
# remove logical volume
lvremove /dev/wgroup/wshare
# Do you really want to remove active logical volume wgroup/wshare? [y/n]: y
# Logical volume "wshare" successfully removed.
# remove volume group
vgremove /dev/wgroup
# Volume group "wgroup" successfully removed
# remove physical volume
pvremove /dev/sda1
# Labels on physical volume "/dev/sda1" successfully wiped.
# remove partition
fdisk /dev/sda
d # Delete Partitions
p # confirm
w # save and quit
Create a swap partition of 400M MB and make it available permanent.
# create a new partition
fdisk /dev/sda
n # to create a new partition.
p # for a primary partition
# Accept the default partition number.
# Accept the default start sector
+400M # set the end sector according to calculation
# Created a new partition 2 of type 'Linux' and of size 400 MiB.
t # change the partition type
2 # the partition number: 2
L # to check the aliases for Linux swap: 82
82 # Change type to Linux swap
# Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux swap / Solaris'.
p # confirm
# Disk /dev/sda: 5 GiB, 5368709120 bytes, 10485760 sectors
# Disk model: VMware Virtual S
# Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
# Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
# I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
# Disklabel type: dos
# Disk identifier: 0x98de5601
# Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
# /dev/sda1 2048 1026047 1024000 500M 8e Linux LVM
# /dev/sda2 1026048 1845247 819200 400M 82 Linux swap / Solaris
w # to write the changes and exit.
# Verify the new partition
lsblk
# NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTS
# sda 8:0 0 5G 0 disk
# ├─sda1 8:1 0 500M 0 part
# │ └─wgroup-wshare 253:2 0 400M 0 lvm /mnt/wshare
# └─sda2 8:2 0 400M 0 part
# nvme0n1 259:0 0 20G 0 disk
# ├─nvme0n1p1 259:1 0 600M 0 part /boot/efi
# ├─nvme0n1p2 259:2 0 1G 0 part /boot
# └─nvme0n1p3 259:3 0 18.4G 0 part
# ├─rhel-root 253:0 0 16.4G 0 lvm /
# └─rhel-swap 253:1 0 2G 0 lvm [SWAP]
# Create the swap area
mkswap /dev/sda2
# Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 400 MiB (419426304 bytes)
# no label, UUID=ba97d5af-f1d0-47dc-a96c-069c80f06d44
# Enable the swap partition
swapon /dev/sda2
# Verify the swap space
swapon --show
# NAME TYPE SIZE USED PRIO
# /dev/dm-1 partition 2G 0B -2
# /dev/sda2 partition 400M 0B -3
free -h
# total used free shared buff/cache available
# Mem: 1.7Gi 807Mi 676Mi 12Mi 427Mi 934Mi
# Swap: 2.4Gi 0B 2.4Gi
lsblk
# Make the Swap Space Permanent
# get the UUID
blkid
# /dev/sda2: UUID="ba97d5af-f1d0-47dc-a96c-069c80f06d44" TYPE="swap" PARTUUID="98de5601-02"
vi /etc/fstab
UUID=ba97d5af-f1d0-47dc-a96c-069c80f06d44 swap swap defaults 0 0
# confirm
swapon -a # enable all
swapon -s
# Filename Type Size Used Priority
# /dev/dm-1 partition 2097148 0 -2
# /dev/sda2 partition 409596 0 -3
Resize your vo logical volume, it should be approx 300MB( note -> only size accepted from 270mb to 290mb).
vo is the logical volume namewshare lv# Display the details of the logical volume:
lvdisplay /dev/wgroup/wshare
# --- Logical volume ---
# LV Path /dev/wgroup/wshare
# LV Name wshare
# VG Name wgroup
# LV UUID KRn9g0-xsKS-HyqV-5pJt-PNsB-NErf-F8QgHb
# LV Write Access read/write
# LV Creation host, time clienthost, 2025-01-22 19:01:35 -0500
# LV Status available
# # open 1
# LV Size 400.00 MiB
# Current LE 50
# Segments 1
# Allocation inherit
# Read ahead sectors auto
# - currently set to 256
# Block device 253:2
# Check the current filesystem size
df -h /mnt/wshare
# Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
# /dev/mapper/wgroup-wshare 365M 14K 341M 1% /mnt/wshare
# Unmount the Logical Volume
umount /mnt/wshare
# Check filesystem for errors
e2fsck -f /dev/wgroup/wshare
# e2fsck 1.46.5 (30-Dec-2021)
# Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes
# Pass 2: Checking directory structure
# Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity
# Pass 4: Checking reference counts
# Pass 5: Checking group summary information
# /dev/wgroup/wshare: 11/102400 files (0.0% non-contiguous), 36256/409600 blocks
# shrink the filesystem size
resize2fs /dev/wgroup/wshare 300M
# resize2fs 1.46.5 (30-Dec-2021)
# Resizing the filesystem on /dev/wgroup/wshare to 307200 (1k) blocks.
# The filesystem on /dev/wgroup/wshare is now 307200 (1k) blocks long.
# Resize the Logical Volume
lvreduce -L -100M /dev/wgroup/wshare
# Rounding size to boundary between physical extents: 96.00 MiB.
# File system ext4 found on wgroup/wshare.
# File system size (300.00 MiB) is smaller than the requested size (304.00 MiB).
# File system reduce is not needed, skipping.
# Size of logical volume wgroup/wshare changed from 400.00 MiB (50 extents) to 304.00 MiB (38 extents).
# Logical volume wgroup/wshare successfully resized.
# confirm
lvs
# LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
# root rhel -wi-ao---- 16.41g
# swap rhel -wi-ao---- 2.00g
# wshare wgroup -wi-ao---- 304.00m
# Remount the Logical Volume
mount -a
# confirm
df -h /mnt/wshare
# Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
# /dev/mapper/wgroup-wshare 271M 14K 252M 1% /mnt/wshare
Resize to 400MB
# check the current file system
df -h /mnt/wshare
# Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
# /dev/mapper/wgroup-wshare 271M 14K 252M 1% /mnt/wshare
# Extend the logical volume
# lvextend -r -L 400M /dev/mapper/wgroup-wshare # resize the fs
lvextend -L 400M /dev/mapper/wgroup-wshare
# Size of logical volume wgroup/wshare changed from 304.00 MiB (38 extents) to 400.00 MiB (50 extents).
# Logical volume wgroup/wshare successfully resized.
# verify
lvdisplay /dev/mapper/wgroup-wshare
# --- Logical volume ---
# LV Path /dev/wgroup/wshare
# LV Name wshare
# VG Name wgroup
# LV UUID KRn9g0-xsKS-HyqV-5pJt-PNsB-NErf-F8QgHb
# LV Write Access read/write
# LV Creation host, time clienthost, 2025-01-22 19:01:35 -0500
# LV Status available
# # open 1
# LV Size 400.00 MiB
# Current LE 50
# Segments 1
# Allocation inherit
# Read ahead sectors auto
# - currently set to 256
# Block device 253:2
# Resize the Filesystem
resize2fs /dev/mapper/wgroup-wshare
# resize2fs 1.46.5 (30-Dec-2021)
# Filesystem at /dev/mapper/wgroup-wshare is mounted on /mnt/wshare; on-line resizing required
# old_desc_blocks = 3, new_desc_blocks = 4
# The filesystem on /dev/mapper/wgroup-wshare is now 409600 (1k) blocks long.
# Verify
df -h /mnt/wshare
# Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
# /dev/mapper/wgroup-wshare 365M 14K 342M 1% /mnt/wshare