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Linux - Software: Package

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Linux - Software: Package

Package & Package Manager

Software
- a set of instructions, programs, or data used to operate computers and execute specific tasks.
- It is intangible, meaning you cannot physically touch it.
- categorized into:
  - System Software
  - Application Software
  - Utility Software
Package
- a bundled collection of files, scripts, and metadata that makes it easier to distribute, install, and manage software or libraries.
- Usually contains executable files, libraries, configuration files, and dependencies.
- use package managers to handle packages
Package Manager
- used to installs, upgrades, and removes packages
- Manages dependencies
- Keeps track of what is installed
- Types:
  - RPM distros:
    - yum/dnf(RHEL, CentOS)
  - DEB distros
    - apt(Unbuntu)
  - Programming languages: pip for python

Local Repository

Local Repository
- a repository stored on a local filesystem or within a local network (e.g., an NFS share or HTTP server) that allows to manage software packages for RPM-based Linux systems.
- It acts as a private repository for installing, updating, or distributing RPM packages without relying on external or remote repositories.

`createrepo` Tool

createrepo
- a command-line utility used to create the metadata files required to turn a directory of RPM files into a usable YUM/DNF repository.
Features
- Metadata Generation
  - Generates a repodata directory containing repomd.xml and related metadata files for dependency resolution.
- Incremental Updates
  - Efficiently updates metadata when new RPMs are added without regenerating everything.
  - createrepo --update /repo/local/
- GPG Key Integration
  - Can sign metadata with GPG keys for secure package management.
Commands

Command	Description
`createrepo /path/to/repo`	Creates a repository in the specified directory.
`createrepo --update /path/to/repo`	Updates the repository metadata when new RPMs are added.
`createrepo --checksum sha256 /path/to/repo`	Changes the checksum type used in metadata.

!Lab: Create a Local Repository

Create a dir for repo and copy packages

su -

# create dir for repo
mkdir /localrepo

# copy the package to the repo dir

Configure

# remove the package info in yum cf
rm -rf /etc/yum.repos.d/*

# create a local repo cf
vi /etc/yum.repos.d/local.repo

# [centos7]
# name=cento7
# baseurl=file:///localrepo/
# enabled=1
# gpgcheck=0

Install and create repo

# install
yum install -y createrepo

# create repo
createrepo /localrepo/

# clean old repo
yum clean all

# list all repo pacakges
yum repolist all

# install a package from a local repo
yum install tomcat

System Upgrade/Patch Management

For Major version, like 5,6,7, system upgreade command is not available.
For Minor version, like 7.3 to 7.4, system can be upgreaded.

yum update -y

`yum update` vs `yum upgrade`

update: preserve packages
- Updates all installed packages to their latest versions without removing any obsolete packages.
  - Upgrades existing packages to newer versions.
  - Does not remove old dependencies or obsolete packages automatically.
  - Retains compatibility and avoids potentially disruptive changes.
upgrade: delete packages
- Performs a more comprehensive update by upgrading packages and removing obsolete packages or dependencies that are no longer needed.
  - Similar to yum update, but it also removes older dependencies or packages that are replaced or made obsolete by the update.
  - This can potentially break compatibility with some software.

`dnf update` and `dnf upgrade`

In DNF, the commands update and upgrade are aliases;
- they perform the exact same operation.
- Both commands:
  - Update all installed packages to the latest version available in the configured repositories.
  - Remove obsolete packages and handle dependencies automatically.

RPM(Red Hat Package Manager)

RPM(Red Hat Package Manager)
- a package management system used in Linux distributions like Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL), CentOS, Fedora, and others.
- It helps install, update, remove, and manage software packages on Linux systems.
- a lower level command
Features:
- Binary Packages
  - RPM packages typically come in binary form (.rpm files), containing precompiled software and metadata like dependencies and versioning.
- Dependency Resolution
  - RPM packages specify their dependencies, but the tool itself does not resolve them automatically. Tools like yum or dnf handle this.
- Database of Installed Packages
  - RPM maintains a local database of installed packages, which makes it easy to query and verify installations.

Configuration File

Configuration File Path:
- /etc/rpm/
- used to store configuration files and macros related to the RPM (Red Hat Package Manager).
  - These files influence how RPM behaves during package installation, query, build, and other operations.

Common Command

Query

CMD	DESC
`rpm -qa`	Lists all installed RPM packages.
`rpm -q chrony`	Display full package name
`rpm -qip /mnt/BaseOS/Packages/zsh-5.8-9.el9.x86_64.rpm`	Query an (uninstalled) package file
`rpm -qi chrony`	Display installable package information about an installed package.
`rpm -ql chrony`	Lists all files installed by a package.
`rpm -qf /var/log/chrony`	Display package to which the file belong
`rpm -qc chrony`	List configuration file for an installed package
`rpm -qd chrony`	Lists documentation files files in a package
`rpm -qR chrony`	Lists all dependenies of a package.
`rpm -q --whatrequires bash`	Query all packages that require

Manage

CMD	DESC
`rpm -i /mnt/BaseOS/Packages/zsh-5.8-9.el9.x86_64.rpm`	Installs an RPM package.
`rpm -ivh /mnt/AppStram/Packages/zsh-5.8-9.el9.x86_64.rpm`	Installs a package with a progress bar.
`rpm -Fvh --replacepkgs /mnt/BaseOS/Packages/zsh-5.8-9.el9.x86_64.rpm`	Overwrite the existing package.
`rpm -Uvh /mnt/AppStream/Packages/sushi-3.38.1-2.el9.x86_64.rpm`	Upgrades an existing package or installs it.
`rpm -Fvh /mnt/AppStream/Packages/sushi-3.38.1-2.el9.x86_64.rpm`	Upgrades an existing package.
`rpm -ev sushi`	Removes (erases) a package.

Validate

CMD	DESC
`rpm --import /etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-redhat-release`	import the GPG key
`rpm -q gpg-pubkey`	List keys
`rpm -K /mnt/BaseOS/Packages/zsh-5.8-9.el9.x86_64.rpm`	Validates the signature and package integrity.
`rpm -V at`	Verifying Package Attributes

Extracting

CMD	DESC
`rpm2cpio /mnt/BaseOS/Packages/chrony-4.3-1.el9.x86_64.rpm`	Extract cpio archive from RPM
`cpio -id cpio_archive`	Extract all files from cpio archive，create dir, retain time of files

Lab: validate a package

rpm -K /mnt/BaseOS/Packages/zsh-5.8-9.el9.x86_64.rpm --nosignature
# /mnt/BaseOS/Packages/zsh-5.8-9.el9.x86_64.rpm: digests OK

rpm --import /etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-redhat-release
rpm -K /mnt/BaseOS/Packages/zsh-5.8-9.el9.x86_64.rpm
# /mnt/BaseOS/Packages/zsh-5.8-9.el9.x86_64.rpm: digests signatures OK

rpm -q gpg-pubkey
# gpg-pubkey-fd431d51-4ae0493b
# gpg-pubkey-5a6340b3-6229229e

# query key
rpm -qi gpg-pubkey-fd431d51-4ae0493b
# Name        : gpg-pubkey
# Version     : fd431d51
# Release     : 4ae0493b
# Architecture: (none)
# Install Date: Sun 16 Feb 2025 03:37:00 PM
# Group       : Public Keys
# Size        : 0
# License     : pubkey
# Signature   : (none)
# Source RPM  : (none)
# Build Date  : Thu 22 Oct 2009 07:59:55 AM
# Build Host  : localhost
# Packager    : Red Hat, Inc. (release key 2) <security@redhat.com>
# Summary     : Red Hat, Inc. (release key 2) <security@redhat.com> public key
# Description :
# -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----
# Version: rpm-4.16.1.3 (NSS-3)
# ...


rpm -V at
# note: return nothing if no changes in the attributes

# make change
ll /etc/sysconfig/atd
# -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 403 Apr  4  2022 /etc/sysconfig/atd
chmod -v 770 /etc/sysconfig/atd
# mode of '/etc/sysconfig/atd' changed from 0644 (rw-r--r--) to 0770 (rwxrwx---)
ll /etc/sysconfig/atd
# -rwxrwx---. 1 root root 403 Apr  4  2022 /etc/sysconfig/atd

#  verification check on package
# M: permission or file type is altered
# c: cf
rpm -V at
# .M.......  c /etc/sysconfig/atd

#  verification check on file
rpm -Vf /etc/sysconfig/atd
# .M.......  c /etc/sysconfig/atd

# reset
chmod -v 0644 /etc/sysconfig/atd
# mode of '/etc/sysconfig/atd' changed from 0770 (rwxrwx---) to 0644 (rw-r--r--)

# check
rpm -V at

Lab: Package Management Tasks

# list rpm file and file path
ll /mnt/AppStream/Packages/dcraw*
# -r--r--r--. 1 root root 281589 Nov 20  2021 /mnt/AppStream/Packages/dcraw-9.28.0-13.el9.x86_64.rpm

# verify the integrity
rpm -K /mnt/AppStream/Packages/dcraw-9.28.0-13.el9.x86_64.rpm
# /mnt/AppStream/Packages/dcraw-9.28.0-13.el9.x86_64.rpm: digests signatures OK

# install
rpm -ivh /mnt/AppStream/Packages/dcraw-9.28.0-13.el9.x86_64.rpm
# Verifying...                          ################################# [100%]
# Preparing...                          ################################# [100%]
# Updating / installing...
#    1:dcraw-9.28.0-13.el9              ################################# [100%]

# get info
rpm -qi dcraw
# Name        : dcraw
# Version     : 9.28.0
# Release     : 13.el9
# Architecture: x86_64
# Install Date: Sun 16 Feb 2025 06:42:33 PM
# Group       : Unspecified
# Size        : 567034
# License     : GPLv2+
# Signature   : RSA/SHA256, Sat 20 Nov 2021 11:33:10 PM, Key ID 199e2f91fd431d51
# Source RPM  : dcraw-9.28.0-13.el9.src.rpm
# Build Date  : Mon 09 Aug 2021 05:25:43 PM
# Build Host  : x86-vm-54.build.eng.bos.redhat.com
# Packager    : Red Hat, Inc. <http://bugzilla.redhat.com/bugzilla>
# Vendor      : Red Hat, Inc.
# URL         : http://www.dechifro.org/dcraw/
# Summary     : Tool for decoding raw image data from digital cameras
# Description :
# This package contains dcraw, a command line tool to decode raw image data
# downloaded from digital cameras.

# list all files
rpm -ql dcraw
# /usr/bin/dcraw
# /usr/lib/.build-id
# /usr/lib/.build-id/c3
# /usr/lib/.build-id/c3/6a86661b1ecf227ea635d79eeb1e4da9b36ed4
# /usr/share/locale/ca/LC_MESSAGES/dcraw.mo
# /usr/share/locale/cs/LC_MESSAGES/dcraw.mo
# /usr/share/locale/da/LC_MESSAGES/dcraw.mo
# /usr/share/locale/de/LC_MESSAGES/dcraw.mo
# /usr/share/locale/eo/LC_MESSAGES/dcraw.mo
# /usr/share/locale/es/LC_MESSAGES/dcraw.mo
# ...

# list all document
rpm -qd dcraw
# /usr/share/man/ca/man1/dcraw.1.gz
# /usr/share/man/cs/man1/dcraw.1.gz
# /usr/share/man/da/man1/dcraw.1.gz
# /usr/share/man/de/man1/dcraw.1.gz
# ...

# Verify the attributes of each file
rpm -Vv dcraw
# .........    /usr/bin/dcraw
# .........  a /usr/lib/.build-id
# .........  a /usr/lib/.build-id/c3
# .........  a /usr/lib/.build-id/c3/6a86661b1ecf227ea635d79eeb1e4da9b36ed4
# .........    /usr/share/locale/ca/LC_MESSAGES/dcraw.mo
# .........    /usr/share/locale/cs/LC_MESSAGES/dcraw.mo
# ...

# remove package
rpm -ev dcraw
# Preparing packages...
# dcraw-9.28.0-13.el9.x86_64

rpm -qa | grep dcraw

Lab: restore a corrupted package

Assuming you have lost the /etc/chrony.conf configuration file and want to retrieve it from its installable package and put it back.

# determine what package
rpm -qf /etc/chrony.conf
# chrony-4.5-3.el9.x86_64

# create dir for process
mkdir /tmp/chrony_rpm
cd /tmp/chrony_rpm

rpm2cpio /mnt/BaseOS/Packages/chrony-4.3-1.el9.x86_64.rpm | cpio -idm
# 1253 blocks

ll
# total 0
# drwxr-xr-x. 5 root root 92 Feb 16 18:14 etc
# drwxr-xr-x. 6 root root 53 Feb 16 18:14 usr
# drwxr-xr-x. 4 root root 28 Feb 16 18:14 var

# locate the chrony.conf file
find . -name chrony.conf
# ./etc/chrony.conf
# ./usr/lib/sysusers.d/chrony.conf

# overwrite corrupted file
cp ./etc/chrony.conf /etc/chrony.conf
# cp: overwrite '/etc/chrony.conf'? y

Lab: Install, Get CF, and Remove `nginx` Manually

Download nginx manually or get the downloading url

cd ~
wget https://nginx.org/packages/rhel/8/x86_64/RPMS/nginx-1.26.2-1.el8.ngx.x86_64.rpm
# --2024-12-07 23:49:28--  https://nginx.org/packages/rhel/8/x86_64/RPMS/nginx-1.26.2-1.el8.ngx.x86_64.rpm
# Resolving nginx.org (nginx.org)... 52.58.199.22, 3.125.197.172, 2a05:d014:5c0:2600::6, ...
# Connecting to nginx.org (nginx.org)|52.58.199.22|:443... connected.
# HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK
# Length: 985716 (963K) [application/x-redhat-package-manager]
# Saving to: ‘nginx-1.26.2-1.el8.ngx.x86_64.rpm’

# nginx-1.26.2-1.el8.ngx.x 100%[=================================>] 962.61K  1.51MB/s    in 0.6s

# 2024-12-07 23:49:29 (1.51 MB/s) - ‘nginx-1.26.2-1.el8.ngx.x86_64.rpm’ saved [985716/985716]

ll
# -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 985716 Aug 14 02:04 nginx-1.26.2-1.el8.ngx.x86_64.rpm

Install rpm package

rpm -hiv nginx-1.26.2-1.el8.ngx.x86_64.rpm
# warning: nginx-1.26.2-1.el8.ngx.x86_64.rpm: Header V4 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID 7bd9bf62: NOKEY
# Verifying...                          ################################# [100%]
# Preparing...                          ################################# [100%]
# Updating / installing...
#    1:nginx-1:1.26.2-1.el8.ngx         ################################# [100%]
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------

# Thanks for using nginx!

# Please find the official documentation for nginx here:
# * https://nginx.org/en/docs/

# Please subscribe to nginx-announce mailing list to get
# the most important news about nginx:
# * https://nginx.org/en/support.html

# Commercial subscriptions for nginx are available on:
# * https://nginx.com/products/

# ----------------------------------------------------------------------

# Confirm
rpm -qai | grep nginx
# Name        : nginx
# Source RPM  : nginx-1.26.2-1.el8.ngx.src.rpm
# Vendor      : NGINX Packaging <nginx-packaging@f5.com>
# URL         : https://nginx.org/
# nginx [engine x] is an HTTP and reverse proxy server, as well as

Get CF

rpm -qc nginx
# /etc/logrotate.d/nginx
# /etc/nginx/fastcgi.conf
# /etc/nginx/fastcgi.conf.default
# /etc/nginx/fastcgi_params
# /etc/nginx/fastcgi_params.default
# /etc/nginx/koi-utf
# /etc/nginx/koi-win
# /etc/nginx/mime.types
# /etc/nginx/mime.types.default
# /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
# /etc/nginx/nginx.conf.default
# /etc/nginx/scgi_params
# /etc/nginx/scgi_params.default
# /etc/nginx/uwsgi_params
# /etc/nginx/uwsgi_params.default
# /etc/nginx/win-utf

Remove the package

rpm -e nginx

# Confirm
rpm -qai | grep nginx

YUM (Yellowdog Updater, Modified)

YUM (Yellowdog Updater, Modified):
- a command-line package manager used to manage packages in the .rpm file format on RPM-based Linux distributions such as Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL), CentOS, and Fedora.
- It simplifies the management of software packages by automatically resolving dependencies and fetching packages from repositories.
- OS: RHEL 7 / CentOS 7 & Earlier
Features
- Automatic Dependency Resolution
  - Unlike the rpm command, YUM identifies and resolves software dependencies automatically during installation or updates.
- Repository Management
  - YUM fetches packages from central or local repositories.
  - These repositories are configured in .repo files under /etc/yum.repos.d/.
- Ease of Use
  - Simplifies common package management tasks such as installation, updates, and removals.
- Group Installations
  - Allows installing groups of packages, such as Development Tools or Server.
- History Tracking
  - Maintains a history of actions, enabling users to undo or redo package changes.

Application Streams and Modules

BaseOS

includes the core set of RHEL 8 components including the kernel, modules, bootloader, and other foundational software packages

Application Stream (AppStream).

comes standard with core applications, as well as several add-on applications many of them in the traditional rpm format and some in the new modular format.

Sample repo

# exclusive ID
[BaseOS_RHEL_8.0]
# description
name= RHEL 8.0 base operating system components
# location
baseurl=file:///mnt/BaseOS
# repository is active
enabled=1
# GPG-checked for authenticity
gpgcheck=0

Configuration File

yum configuration files:
- /etc/yum.conf

[main]
gpgcheck=1
installonly_limit=3
clean_requirements_on_remove=True
best=True
skip_if_unavailable=False

Repository files path:
- /etc/yum.repos.d/
- A .repo file specifies the base URL or mirror list where YUM fetches packages.

repo

When issuing yum command, it instructs package manager to go online with the url defined in the configuration file to check, download, and install the package.
Usually yum command requires Internet access
- In some cases, repos are setup locally within the network.

Common Command

Repositories

CMD	DESC
`yum list`	List all available and installed packages.
`yum list available`	List all packages in the yum repositories available to be installed.
`yum list available --repo=repo_name`	Lists all available packages from a specific repository
`yum list installed`	Lists Installed packages.
`yum list obsoletes`	ist the packages installed on the system that are obsoleted.
`yum check-update`	Lists packages that have updates available.
`yum update -y`	Updates all installed packages to their latest versions.
`yum upgrade -y`	update version of all package and removes outdated packages
`yum info`	Display all info
`yum history`	Displays a history of YUM transactions.
`yum clean all`	Cleans up cached files and metadata.
`yum repolist`	Lists enabled repositories

For a specific package

CMD	DESC
`yum list installed package_name`	List an installed package
`yum search package_name_pattern`	Search for string
`yum info package_name_pattern`	Display info of a package
`yum deplist package_name_pattern`	Display all dependencies of a package
`yum install --downloadonly --downloaddir=dir package_name`	Downloading Packages Without Installing
`yum install -y package_name`	Install package
`yum localinstall /path/to/rpm`	Install a set of local rpm files
`yum reinstall package_name`	Reinstall the identically versioned package
`yum upgrade -y package_name`	Update a package
`yum downgrade -y package_name`	Downgrade a package
`yum remove package_name`	Removes a package and its dependencies.
`yum provide /local/file`	Display the package.

Repository

repository
- a storage location for software packages.
- These repositories are configured to allow yum to fetch, install, update, or remove packages.
Types of Repositories:
- Base Repositories: Official repositories provided by the OS vendor (e.g., BaseOS, AppStream in RHEL 8).
- Third-Party Repositories: Provided by external vendors or communities (e.g., EPEL).
- Local Repositories: Hosted on a local network or system, useful for offline systems or custom packages.

Repository Configuration File

Located in /etc/yum.repos.d/.
Each repository has its configuration file with the .repo extension.
- Default cf in rhel9:redhat.repo
Sample entry of CF(rhel9)

[satellite-client-6-for-rhel-9-x86_64-eus-source-rpms]
name = Red Hat Satellite Client 6 for RHEL 9 x86_64 - Extended Update Support (Source RPMs)
baseurl = https://cdn.redhat.com/content/eus/rhel9/$releasever/x86_64/sat-client/6/source/SRPMS
enabled = 0
gpgcheck = 1
gpgkey = file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-redhat-release
sslverify = 1
sslcacert = /etc/rhsm/ca/redhat-uep.pem
sslclientkey = /etc/pki/entitlement/1175364971612571494-key.pem
sslclientcert = /etc/pki/entitlement/1175364971612571494.pem
sslverifystatus = 1
metadata_expire = 86400
enabled_metadata = 0

[satellite-client-6-for-rhel-9-x86_64-eus-source-rpms]
- the unique identifier (repository ID) for this repository.
- used by yum or dnf commands to reference this specific repository.
name = Red Hat Satellite Client 6 for RHEL 9 x86_64 - Extended Update Support (Source RPMs)
- A descriptive name for the repository, which makes it easier for users to identify the repository in yum repolist or dnf repolist.
baseurl = https://cdn.redhat.com/content/eus/rhel9/$releasever/x86_64/sat-client/6/source/SRPMS
- The URL where the repository’s packages are hosted.
- Details:
  - https://cdn.redhat.com: The Red Hat Content Delivery Network (CDN) URL.
  - $releasever: A placeholder that dynamically expands to the OS release version (9 in this case).
  - x86_64: Specifies the architecture for which the repository is meant.
  - source/SRPMS: Indicates that this repository provides Source RPMs, which contain the source code for software.
enabled = 0
- Determines if the repository is enabled for use.
- Value:
  - 0: Disabled (this repository will not be used unless explicitly enabled with --enablerepo).
  - 1: Enabled (the repository is active by default).
gpgcheck = 1
- Ensures that package signatures are verified using GPG keys before installation.
- Value:
  - 0: Disabled (not recommended for security reasons).
  - 1: GPG signature check is enabled.
gpgkey = file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-redhat-release
- Specifies the file location of the GPG key used to verify packages.
- In this case, the key is stored locally in /etc/pki/rpm-gpg/.
sslverify = 1
- Enables SSL certificate verification to ensure a secure connection to the repository server.
- Value:
  - 0: Disabled (not secure).
  - 1: SSL verification is enabled.
sslcacert = /etc/rhsm/ca/redhat-uep.pem
- Specifies the location of the Certificate Authority (CA) certificate used for SSL verification.
- ensures that the server’s certificate is trusted.
sslclientkey = /etc/pki/entitlement/1175364971612571494-key.pem
- Specifies the private key file used for client authentication.
- This key authenticates the client to the Red Hat CDN server.
sslclientcert = /etc/pki/entitlement/1175364971612571494.pem
- Specifies the client certificate file used for authentication.
- This certificate works in conjunction with the private key to verify the client’s identity.
sslverifystatus = 1
- Enables verification of the SSL certificate’s revocation status.
- Value:
  - 0: Revocation status is not checked.
  - 1: Revocation status is checked (more secure).
metadata_expire = 86400
- Defines how long (in seconds) the metadata cache is valid before it is refreshed.
- Value: 86400 seconds (1 day).
enabled_metadata = 0
- Determines if metadata updates for this repository are enabled.
- Value:
  - 0: Metadata updates are disabled.
  - 1: Metadata updates are enabled.

Common Commands

CDM	DESC
`yum repolist`	Displays enabled repositories by default.
`yum repolist disabled`	List disabled repositories.
`yum repolist all`	List all repositories (enabled and disabled).
`yum repoinfo`	View information for all enabled repositories
`yum repoinfo repo_id`	Detailed information about a specific repository.
`yum makecache`	Force download of repository metadata
`yum clean all`	Clears all cached data, including package metadata.
`yum clean metadata --enablerepo=repo_id`	Clear metadata for a specific repository
`yum install package_name --enablerepo=repo_id`	Temporarily enable a repository.
`yum install package_name --disablerepo=repo_id`	Temporarily enable a repository.

Permanently enable/disable a repository:
- Edit the .repo file in /etc/yum.repos.d/ and set:
  - enabled=1: to enable
  - enabled=0: to disable

Lab: View the Existing Repository

# list enabled repo
yum repolist
# Not root, Subscription Management repositories not updated
# repo id                              repo name
# rhel-9-for-x86_64-appstream-rpms     Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 for x86_64 - AppStream (RPMs)
# rhel-9-for-x86_64-baseos-rpms        Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 for x86_64 - BaseOS (RPMs)

# list disabled repo
yum repolist disabled
# Not root, Subscription Management repositories not updated
# repo id                                                       repo name
# amq-clients-3-for-rhel-9-x86_64-debug-rpms                    Red Hat AMQ Clients 3 for RHEL 9 x86_64 (Debug RPMs)
# amq-clients-3-for-rhel-9-x86_64-rpms                          Red Hat AMQ Clients 3 for RHEL 9 x86_64 (RPMs)
# amq-clients-3-for-rhel-9-x86_64-source-rpms                   Red Hat AMQ Clients 3 for RHEL 9 x86_64 (Source RPMs)
# amq-interconnect-textonly-1-for-middleware-rpms               Red Hat AMQ Interconnect Text-Only Advisories
# amq-textonly-1-for-middleware-rpms                            Red Hat JBoss AMQ Text-Only Advisories
# ansible-automation-platform-2.2-for-rhel-9-x86_64-debug-rpms  Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.2 for RHEL 9 x86_64 (Debug RPMs)
# ansible-automation-platform-2.2-for-rhel-9-x86_64-rpms        Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.2 for RHEL 9 x86_64 (RPMs)
# ansible-automation-platform-2.2-for-rhel-9-x86_64-source-rpms Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.2 for RHEL 9 x86_64 (Source RPMs)
# ...


# List all repo
yum repolist all
# Not root, Subscription Management repositories not updated
# repo id                                                       repo name                   status
# amq-clients-3-for-rhel-9-x86_64-debug-rpms                    Red Hat AMQ Clients 3 for R disabled
# amq-clients-3-for-rhel-9-x86_64-rpms                          Red Hat AMQ Clients 3 for R disabled
# amq-clients-3-for-rhel-9-x86_64-source-rpms                   Red Hat AMQ Clients 3 for R disabled
# ...
# rhel-9-for-x86_64-appstream-eus-source-rpms                   Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9  disabled
# rhel-9-for-x86_64-appstream-rpms                              Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9  enabled
# rhel-9-for-x86_64-appstream-source-rpms                       Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9  disabled
# ...
# rhel-9-for-x86_64-baseos-eus-source-rpms                      Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9  disabled
# rhel-9-for-x86_64-baseos-rpms                                 Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9  enabled
# rhel-9-for-x86_64-baseos-source-rpms                          Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9  disabled
# ...


# View information for all enabled repositories
yum repoinfo
# Not root, Subscription Management repositories not updated
# Last metadata expiration check: 0:39:44 ago on Tue 07 Jan 2025 04:57:53 PM EST.
# Repo-id            : rhel-9-for-x86_64-appstream-rpms
# Repo-name          : Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 for x86_64 - AppStream (RPMs)
# Repo-revision      : 1735784335
# Repo-updated       : Wed 01 Jan 2025 09:18:55 PM EST
# Repo-pkgs          : 21,802
# Repo-available-pkgs: 20,894
# Repo-size          : 77 G
# Repo-baseurl       : https://cdn.redhat.com/content/dist/rhel9/9/x86_64/appstream/os
# Repo-expire        : 86,400 second(s) (last: Tue 07 Jan 2025 04:57:53 PM EST)
# Repo-filename      : /etc/yum.repos.d/redhat.repo

# Repo-id            : rhel-9-for-x86_64-baseos-rpms
# Repo-name          : Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 for x86_64 - BaseOS (RPMs)
# Repo-revision      : 1734567864
# Repo-updated       : Wed 18 Dec 2024 07:24:24 PM EST
# Repo-pkgs          : 8,246
# Repo-available-pkgs: 8,246
# Repo-size          : 22 G
# Repo-baseurl       : https://cdn.redhat.com/content/dist/rhel9/9/x86_64/baseos/os
# Repo-expire        : 86,400 second(s) (last: Tue 07 Jan 2025 04:57:42 PM EST)
# Repo-filename      : /etc/yum.repos.d/redhat.repo
# Total packages: 30,048

# Info of enabled repos
yum repoinfo rhel-9-for-x86_64-baseos-rpms rhel-9-for-x86_64-appstream-rpms
# Not root, Subscription Management repositories not updated
# Last metadata expiration check: 0:43:17 ago on Tue 07 Jan 2025 04:57:53 PM EST.
# Repo-id            : rhel-9-for-x86_64-appstream-rpms
# Repo-name          : Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 for x86_64 - AppStream (RPMs)
# Repo-status        : enabled
# Repo-revision      : 1735784335
# Repo-updated       : Wed 01 Jan 2025 09:18:55 PM EST
# Repo-pkgs          : 21,802
# Repo-available-pkgs: 20,894
# Repo-size          : 77 G
# Repo-baseurl       : https://cdn.redhat.com/content/dist/rhel9/9/x86_64/appstream/os
# Repo-expire        : 86,400 second(s) (last: Tue 07 Jan 2025 04:57:53 PM EST)
# Repo-filename      : /etc/yum.repos.d/redhat.repo

# Repo-id            : rhel-9-for-x86_64-baseos-rpms
# Repo-name          : Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 for x86_64 - BaseOS (RPMs)
# Repo-status        : enabled
# Repo-revision      : 1734567864
# Repo-updated       : Wed 18 Dec 2024 07:24:24 PM EST
# Repo-pkgs          : 8,246
# Repo-available-pkgs: 8,246
# Repo-size          : 22 G
# Repo-baseurl       : https://cdn.redhat.com/content/dist/rhel9/9/x86_64/baseos/os
# Repo-expire        : 86,400 second(s) (last: Tue 07 Jan 2025 04:57:42 PM EST)
# Repo-filename      : /etc/yum.repos.d/redhat.repo
# Total packages: 30,048

# Info of disabled repos
yum repoinfo satellite-client-6-for-rhel-9-x86_64-eus-source-rpms
# Not root, Subscription Management repositories not updated
# Last metadata expiration check: 0:42:25 ago on Tue 07 Jan 2025 04:57:53 PM EST.
# Repo-id            : satellite-client-6-for-rhel-9-x86_64-eus-source-rpms
# Repo-name          : Red Hat Satellite Client 6 for RHEL 9 x86_64 - Extended Update Support
#                    : (Source RPMs)
# Repo-status        : disabled
# Repo-baseurl       : https://cdn.redhat.com/content/eus/rhel9/9/x86_64/sat-client/6/source/SRPMS
# Repo-expire        : 86,400 second(s) (last: unknown)
# Repo-filename      : /etc/yum.repos.d/redhat.repo
# Total packages: 0

Lab: Repository Cached Data

# Get metadata of a repo before cleaning
yum repoinfo rhel-9-for-x86_64-baseos-rpms
# Updating Subscription Management repositories.
# Last metadata expiration check: 0:01:08 ago on Tue 07 Jan 2025 06:23:15 PM EST.
# Repo-id            : rhel-9-for-x86_64-baseos-rpms
# Repo-name          : Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 for x86_64 - BaseOS (RPMs)
# Repo-status        : enabled
# Repo-revision      : 1734567864
# Repo-updated       : Wed 18 Dec 2024 07:24:24 PM EST
# Repo-pkgs          : 8,246
# Repo-available-pkgs: 8,246
# Repo-size          : 22 G
# Repo-baseurl       : https://cdn.redhat.com/content/dist/rhel9/9/x86_64/baseos/os
# Repo-expire        : 86,400 second(s) (last: Tue 07 Jan 2025 06:23:01 PM EST)
# Repo-filename      : /etc/yum.repos.d/redhat.repo
# Total packages: 8,246

# clean cached meta data of a repo
yum clean metadata --enablerepo=rhel-9-for-x86_64-baseos-rpms
# Updating Subscription Management repositories.
# Cache was expired
# 17 files removed

# Get metadata of a repo after cleaning
# metadata need to download first
yum repoinfo  rhel-9-for-x86_64-baseos-rpms
# Updating Subscription Management repositories.
# Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 for x86_64 - BaseOS (RPMs)             1.7 MB/s |  40 MB     00:23
# Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 for x86_64 - AppStream (RPMs)          1.7 MB/s |  47 MB     00:27
# Last metadata expiration check: 0:00:04 ago on Tue 07 Jan 2025 06:26:36 PM EST.
# Repo-id            : rhel-9-for-x86_64-baseos-rpms
# Repo-name          : Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 for x86_64 - BaseOS (RPMs)
# Repo-status        : enabled
# Repo-revision      : 1734567864
# Repo-updated       : Wed 18 Dec 2024 07:24:24 PM EST
# Repo-pkgs          : 8,246
# Repo-available-pkgs: 8,246
# Repo-size          : 22 G
# Repo-baseurl       : https://cdn.redhat.com/content/dist/rhel9/9/x86_64/baseos/os
# Repo-expire        : 86,400 second(s) (last: Tue 07 Jan 2025 06:26:22 PM EST)
# Repo-filename      : /etc/yum.repos.d/redhat.repo
# Total packages: 8,246

# force to cache metadata
yum makecache
# Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 for x86_64 - BaseOS (RPMs)             7.8 kB/s | 4.1 kB     00:00
# Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 for x86_64 - AppStream (RPMs)           17 kB/s | 4.5 kB     00:00
# Metadata cache created.

Lab: Add a New Repository

# Create a .repo file
sudo nano /etc/yum.repos.d/custom.repo

# [ol8-baseos]
# name=Oracle Linux 8 (x86_64) BaseOS Latest
# baseurl=https://yum.oracle.com/repo/OracleLinux/OL8/baseos/latest/x86_64
# enabled=1
# gpgcheck=0

# Verify the new repository
yum repolist
# Updating Subscription Management repositories.
# repo id                              repo name
# ol8-baseos                           Oracle Linux 8 (x86_64) BaseOS Latest
# rhel-9-for-x86_64-appstream-rpms     Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 for x86_64 - AppStream (RPMs)
# rhel-9-for-x86_64-baseos-rpms        Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 for x86_64 - BaseOS (RPMs)

# Test repository connectivity
yum repoinfo ol8-baseos
# Updating Subscription Management repositories.
# Oracle Linux 8 (x86_64) BaseOS Latest                             1.7 MB/s |  85 MB     00:48
# Last metadata expiration check: 0:00:08 ago on Tue 07 Jan 2025 06:35:39 PM EST.
# Repo-id            : ol8-baseos
# Repo-name          : Oracle Linux 8 (x86_64) BaseOS Latest
# Repo-status        : enabled
# Repo-revision      : 1736258980
# Repo-updated       : Tue 07 Jan 2025 09:09:46 AM EST
# Repo-pkgs          : 24,180
# Repo-available-pkgs: 24,180
# Repo-size          : 74 G
# Repo-baseurl       : https://yum.oracle.com/repo/OracleLinux/OL8/baseos/latest/x86_64
# Repo-expire        : 172,800 second(s) (last: Tue 07 Jan 2025 06:35:39 PM EST)
# Repo-filename      : /etc/yum.repos.d/custom.repo
# Total packages: 24,180

# get info of a package from the enable repo
yum info nano
# Updating Subscription Management repositories.
# Last metadata expiration check: 0:02:14 ago on Tue 07 Jan 2025 06:35:39 PM EST.
# Installed Packages
# Name         : nano
# Version      : 5.6.1
# Release      : 6.el9
# Architecture : x86_64
# Size         : 2.7 M
# Source       : nano-5.6.1-6.el9.src.rpm
# Repository   : @System
# From repo    : rhel-9-for-x86_64-baseos-rpms
# Summary      : A small text editor
# URL          : https://www.nano-editor.org
# License      : GPLv3+
# Description  : GNU nano is a small and friendly text editor.

# Available Packages
# Name         : nano
# Version      : 2.9.8
# Release      : 3.el8_10
# Architecture : src
# Size         : 2.8 M
# Source       : None
# Repository   : ol8-baseos
# Summary      : A small text editor
# URL          : https://www.nano-editor.org
# License      : GPLv3+
# Description  : GNU nano is a small and friendly text editor.

Lab: Disable a repository

Disable Temporarily

yum info nano --disablerepo=ol8-baseos
# Updating Subscription Management repositories.
# Last metadata expiration check: 0:04:20 ago on Tue 07 Jan 2025 06:39:53 PM EST.
# Installed Packages
# Name         : nano
# Version      : 5.6.1
# Release      : 6.el9
# Architecture : x86_64
# Size         : 2.7 M
# Source       : nano-5.6.1-6.el9.src.rpm
# Repository   : @System
# From repo    : rhel-9-for-x86_64-baseos-rpms
# Summary      : A small text editor
# URL          : https://www.nano-editor.org
# License      : GPLv3+
# Description  : GNU nano is a small and friendly text editor.

Disable Permanently

sudo nano /etc/yum.repos.d/custom.repo
# enabled=0

# confirm
yum repolist
# Updating Subscription Management repositories.
# repo id                              repo name
# rhel-9-for-x86_64-appstream-rpms     Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 for x86_64 - AppStream (RPMs)
# rhel-9-for-x86_64-baseos-rpms        Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 for x86_64 - BaseOS (RPMs)

Enable Temporarily

# confirm repo is disabled
yum repolist disabled | grep ol8
# ol8-baseos                                                    Oracle Linux 8 (x86_64) BaseOS Latest

# enable temporarily
yum info nano --enablerepo=ol8-baseos
# Updating Subscription Management repositories.
# Oracle Linux 8 (x86_64) BaseOS Latest                              29 kB/s | 4.3 kB     00:00
# Installed Packages
# Name         : nano
# Version      : 5.6.1
# Release      : 6.el9
# Architecture : x86_64
# Size         : 2.7 M
# Source       : nano-5.6.1-6.el9.src.rpm
# Repository   : @System
# From repo    : rhel-9-for-x86_64-baseos-rpms
# Summary      : A small text editor
# URL          : https://www.nano-editor.org
# License      : GPLv3+
# Description  : GNU nano is a small and friendly text editor.

# Available Packages
# Name         : nano
# Version      : 2.9.8
# Release      : 3.el8_10
# Architecture : src
# Size         : 2.8 M
# Source       : None
# Repository   : ol8-baseos
# Summary      : A small text editor
# URL          : https://www.nano-editor.org
# License      : GPLv3+
# Description  : GNU nano is a small and friendly text editor.

Remove custom repo

sudo rm /etc/yum.repos.d/custom.repo

# confirm
yum repolist all | grep ol8

Lab: Configure Access to PreBuilt ISO Repositories

df -h | grep mnt
# /dev/sr0               9.9G  9.9G     0 100% /mnt

# create local repo
vi /etc/yum.repos.d/local.repo

[BaseOS]
name=BaseOS
baseurl=file:///mnt/BaseOS
gpgcheck=0

[AppStream]
name=AppStream
baseurl=file:///mnt/AppStream
gpgcheck=0

# confirm
yum repolist
# Updating Subscription Management repositories.
# repo id                              repo name
# AppStream                            AppStream
# BaseOS                               BaseOS
# rhel-9-for-x86_64-appstream-rpms     Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 for x86_64 - AppStream (RPMs)
# rhel-9-for-x86_64-baseos-rpms        Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 for x86_64 - BaseOS (RPMs)

# query the repos
yum repoquery
# ...
# zstd-0:1.5.1-2.el9.x86_64
# zziplib-0:0.13.71-11.el9_4.i686
# zziplib-0:0.13.71-11.el9_4.x86_64
# zziplib-0:0.13.71-9.el9.i686
# zziplib-0:0.13.71-9.el9.x86_64
# ...

# query a repo
yum repoquery --repo "BaseOS"
# ...
# zstd-0:1.5.1-2.el9.x86_64
# zziplib-0:0.13.71-11.el9_4.i686
# zziplib-0:0.13.71-11.el9_4.x86_64
# zziplib-0:0.13.71-9.el9.i686
# zziplib-0:0.13.71-9.el9.x86_64
# ...

# query for a package
yum repoquery --repo "BaseOS" | grep zsh
# Last metadata expiration check: 0:02:45 ago on Sun 16 Feb 2025 07:30:53 PM.
# zsh-0:5.8-9.el9.x86_64

Individual Package Management

# list all installed
yum list installed
# list a package in all installed
yum list installed gnome*
# lsit all in repos
yum list
# list all updatable
yum list updates
# list for a package
yum list bc
# list recent added
yum list recent

Local isntall

yum localinstall /mnt/AppStream/Packages/dcraw-9.28.0-13.el9.x86_64.rpm

Lab: Individual Package Management

# check if installed
yum list installed | grep cifs-utils

# Determine if the cifs-utils package is available
yum repoquery cifs-utils --repo=BaseOS
# Updating Subscription Management repositories.
# Last metadata expiration check: 0:22:32 ago on Sun 16 Feb 2025 07:30:53 PM.
# cifs-utils-0:7.0-1.el9.x86_64

# get info
yum info cifs-utils --repo=BaseOS
# Available Packages
# Name         : cifs-utils
# Version      : 7.0
# Release      : 1.el9
# Architecture : x86_64
# Size         : 103 k
# Source       : cifs-utils-7.0-1.el9.src.rpm
# Repository   : BaseOS
# Summary      : Utilities for mounting and managing CIFS mounts
# URL          : http://linux-cifs.samba.org/cifs-utils/
# License      : GPLv3
# Description  : The SMB/CIFS protocol is a standard file sharing protocol widely deployed
#              : on Microsoft Windows machines. This package contains tools for mounting
#              : shares on Linux using the SMB/CIFS protocol. The tools in this package
#              : work in conjunction with support in the kernel to allow one to mount a
#              : SMB/CIFS share onto a client and use it as if it were a standard Linux
#              : file system.

# install
yum install -y cifs-utils --repo=BaseOS
# Updating Subscription Management repositories.
# Last metadata expiration check: 0:23:44 ago on Sun 16 Feb 2025 07:30:53 PM.
# Dependencies resolved.
# ==================================================================================================
#  Package                  Architecture         Version                 Repository            Size
# ==================================================================================================
# Installing:
#  cifs-utils               x86_64               7.0-1.el9               BaseOS               103 k

# Transaction Summary
# ==================================================================================================
# Install  1 Package

# Total size: 103 k
# Installed size: 220 k
# Downloading Packages:
# Running transaction check
# Transaction check succeeded.
# Running transaction test
# Transaction test succeeded.
# Running transaction
#   Preparing        :                                                                          1/1
#   Installing       : cifs-utils-7.0-1.el9.x86_64                                              1/1
#   Running scriptlet: cifs-utils-7.0-1.el9.x86_64                                              1/1
#   Verifying        : cifs-utils-7.0-1.el9.x86_64                                              1/1
# Installed products updated.

# Installed:
#   cifs-utils-7.0-1.el9.x86_64

# Complete!

# display installed
yum info cifs-utils
# Installed Packages
# Name         : cifs-utils
# Version      : 7.0
# Release      : 1.el9
# Architecture : x86_64
# Size         : 220 k
# Source       : cifs-utils-7.0-1.el9.src.rpm
# Repository   : @System
# From repo    : BaseOS
# Summary      : Utilities for mounting and managing CIFS mounts
# URL          : http://linux-cifs.samba.org/cifs-utils/
# License      : GPLv3
# Description  : The SMB/CIFS protocol is a standard file sharing protocol widely deployed
#              : on Microsoft Windows machines. This package contains tools for mounting
#              : shares on Linux using the SMB/CIFS protocol. The tools in this package
#              : work in conjunction with support in the kernel to allow one to mount a
#              : SMB/CIFS share onto a client and use it as if it were a standard Linux
#              : file system.

# remove
dnf remove -y cifs-utils

# confirm
dnf list installed | grep cifs-utils

Lab: detemine the package of a file

yum provides /etc/passwd
# Updating Subscription Management repositories.
# Last metadata expiration check: 0:28:02 ago on Sun 16 Feb 2025 07:30:53 PM.
# setup-2.13.7-6.el9.noarch : A set of system configuration and setup files
# Repo        : rhel-9-for-x86_64-baseos-rpms
# Matched from:
# Filename    : /etc/passwd

# setup-2.13.7-7.el9.noarch : A set of system configuration and setup files
# Repo        : rhel-9-for-x86_64-baseos-rpms
# Matched from:
# Filename    : /etc/passwd

# search package
yum search system-config
# Updating Subscription Management repositories.
# Last metadata expiration check: 0:29:26 ago on Sun 16 Feb 2025 07:30:53 PM.
# ================================== Name Matched: system-config ===================================
# system-config-printer-libs.noarch : Libraries and shared code for printer administration tool
# system-config-printer-udev.x86_64 : Rules for udev for automatic configuration of USB printers
# ================================= Summary Matched: system-config =================================
# cups-pk-helper.x86_64 : A helper that makes system-config-printer use PolicyKit

Package Group Management

# list all group from all repos
yum group list
# Available Environment Groups:
#    Server
#    Minimal Install
#    Workstation
#    Custom Operating System
#    Virtualization Host
# Installed Environment Groups:
#    Server with GUI
# Installed Groups:
#    Headless Management
#    Container Management
# Available Groups:
#    Legacy UNIX Compatibility
#    Graphical Administration Tools
#    System Tools
#    RPM Development Tools
#    Development Tools
#    .NET Development
#    Security Tools
#    Smart Card Support
#    Console Internet Tools
#    Network Servers
#    Scientific Support

# summary
yum group summary
# Installed Groups: 2
# Available Groups: 11

# include hidden
yum group list hidden

yum group list --installed
# Installed Environment Groups:
#    Server with GUI
# Installed Groups:
#    Headless Management
#    Container Management

yum group info "Network Servers"
# Group: Network Servers
#  Description: These packages include network-based servers such as DHCP, Kerberos and NIS.
#  Optional Packages:
#    dhcp-server
#    dnsmasq
#    freeradius
#    frr
#    idn2
#    krb5-server
#    libreswan
#    radvd
#    rsyslog-gnutls
#    rsyslog-gssapi
#    rsyslog-mysql
#    rsyslog-pgsql
#    rsyslog-relp
#    syslinux
#    tang

# install
yum groupinstall -y "Network Servers"
# Dependencies resolved.
# ==================================================================================================
#  Package                Architecture          Version                Repository              Size
# ==================================================================================================
# Installing Groups:
#  Network Servers

# Transaction Summary
# ==================================================================================================

# Complete!

# update group
yum groupupdate -y "Network Servers"

# remove
yum groupremove -y "Network Servers"

Lab: Package Group Management

# check if installed
yum group list installed
# Installed Environment Groups:
#    Server with GUI
# Installed Groups:
#    Headless Management
#    Container Management

# check if available
yum group list available | grep "System Tools"
  #  System Tools

# get info
yum group info "System Tools"
#  Default Packages:
#    NetworkManager-libreswan
#    chrony
#    cifs-utils
#    libreswan
#    nmap
#    openldap-clients
#    samba-client
#    setserial
#    tigervnc
#    tmux
#    zsh
#  Optional Packages:
#    PackageKit-command-not-found
#    aide
#    autofs
#    bacula-client
#    chrpath
#    convmv
#    createrepo_c
#    environment-modules
#    freerdp
#    fuse
#    gpm
#    hardlink
#    initscripts
#    initscripts-service
#    iotop
#    lzop
#    mc
#    mrtg
#    mtx
#    net-snmp-utils
#    netconsole-service
#    oddjob
#    oddjob-mkhomedir
#    pmdk-convert
#    readonly-root
#    rear
#    speech-dispatcher
#    speech-dispatcher-espeak-ng
#    sysstat
#    wireshark

# isntall
yum group install -y "System Tools"
# ...
# Installed:
#   NetworkManager-libreswan-1.2.22-4.el9_5.x86_64       cifs-utils-7.0-5.el9.x86_64
#   fltk-1.3.8-1.el9.x86_64                              ldns-1.7.1-11.el9.x86_64
#   libreswan-4.15-3.el9.x86_64                          nmap-3:7.92-3.el9.x86_64
#   nss-tools-3.101.0-10.el9_2.x86_64                    openldap-clients-2.6.6-3.el9.x86_64
#   samba-client-4.20.2-2.el9_5.x86_64                   setserial-2.17-54.el9.x86_64
#   tigervnc-1.14.1-1.el9_5.x86_64                       tigervnc-icons-1.14.1-1.el9_5.noarch
#   tigervnc-license-1.14.1-1.el9_5.noarch               tmux-3.2a-5.el9.x86_64
#   unbound-libs-1.16.2-8.el9_5.1.x86_64

# Complete!

# remove
yum group remove -y "system tools"
# Removed:
#   NetworkManager-libreswan-1.2.22-4.el9_5.x86_64       cifs-utils-7.0-5.el9.x86_64
#   fltk-1.3.8-1.el9.x86_64                              ldns-1.7.1-11.el9.x86_64
#   libreswan-4.15-3.el9.x86_64                          nmap-3:7.92-3.el9.x86_64
#   nss-tools-3.101.0-10.el9_2.x86_64                    openldap-clients-2.6.6-3.el9.x86_64
#   samba-client-4.20.2-2.el9_5.x86_64                   setserial-2.17-54.el9.x86_64
#   tigervnc-1.14.1-1.el9_5.x86_64                       tigervnc-icons-1.14.1-1.el9_5.noarch
#   tigervnc-license-1.14.1-1.el9_5.noarch               tmux-3.2a-5.el9.x86_64
#   unbound-libs-1.16.2-8.el9_5.1.x86_64

# Complete!

Module Management

CMD	DESC
`yum module list`	list all modules
`yum module list nodejs`	list a module
`yum module list nodejs:18`	list a module of specified stream
`yum module list --enabled`	list all enabled module streams
`yum module list --installed`	list all installed module streams
`yum module install -y nodejs:18`	Install a module
`yum module update -y nodejs:18`	update a module
`yum module install -y nodejs:20/common`	install a module of a stream and profile
`yum module info --profile nodejs`	List all profiles
`yum module info --profile nodejs:20`	List all profiles of a stream
`yum module remove -y nodejs:18`	Remove a module
`yum module reset nodejs`	Reset a module

Lab: Manipulate Modules

# check if installed
yum module list postgresql
# AppStream
# Name              Stream        Profiles                 Summary
# postgresql        15            client, server [d]       PostgreSQL server and client module

# Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 for x86_64 - AppStream (RPMs)
# Name              Stream        Profiles                 Summary
# postgresql        15            client, server [d]       PostgreSQL server and client module
# postgresql        16            client, server [d]       PostgreSQL server and client module

# Hint: [d]efault, [e]nabled, [x]disabled, [i]nstalled

# display info of 16 stream
yum module info postgresql:16
# Updating Subscription Management repositories.
# Last metadata expiration check: 1:15:58 ago on Sun 16 Feb 2025 07:30:53 PM.
# Name             : postgresql
# Stream           : 16
# Version          : 9040020240108131224
# Context          : rhel9
# Architecture     : x86_64
# Profiles         : client, server [d]
# Default profiles : server
# Repo             : rhel-9-for-x86_64-appstream-rpms
# Summary          : PostgreSQL server and client module
# ...

# isntall with default profile
yum module install -y --profile postgresql:16 -y
# ...
# Installed:
#   postgresql-16.6-1.module+el9.5.0+22557+8cb08ba5.x86_64
#   postgresql-private-libs-16.6-1.module+el9.5.0+22557+8cb08ba5.x86_64
#   postgresql-server-16.6-1.module+el9.5.0+22557+8cb08ba5.x86_64

# Complete!

# show info after installed
yum module info postgresql:16
# Name             : postgresql
# Stream           : 16 [e] [a]
# Version          : 9040020240108131224
# Context          : rhel9
# Architecture     : x86_64
# Profiles         : client, server [d] [i]
# Default profiles : server
# ...

# remove
yum module remove -y postgresql:16
# ...
# Removed:
#   postgresql-16.6-1.module+el9.5.0+22557+8cb08ba5.x86_64
#   postgresql-private-libs-16.6-1.module+el9.5.0+22557+8cb08ba5.x86_64
#   postgresql-server-16.6-1.module+el9.5.0+22557+8cb08ba5.x86_64

# Complete!

Lab: Install a Module from an Alternative Stream

# check state of stream
 yum module list nodejs
# AppStream
# Name         Stream       Profiles                                        Summary
# nodejs       18           common [d], development, minimal, s2i           Javascript runtime
# nodejs       20 [e]       common [d] [i], development, minimal, s2i       Javascript runtime

# Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 for x86_64 - AppStream (RPMs)
# Name         Stream       Profiles                                        Summary
# nodejs       18           common [d], development, minimal, s2i           Javascript runtime
# nodejs       20 [e]       common [d] [i], development, minimal, s2i       Javascript runtime
# nodejs       22           common [d], development, minimal, s2i           Javascript runtime

# Hint: [d]efault, [e]nabled, [x]disabled, [i]nstalled

# remove nodejs 20
yum module remove nodejs -y
# Removed:
#   nodejs-1:20.18.2-1.module+el9.5.0+22758+4ad2c198.x86_64
#   nodejs-docs-1:20.18.2-1.module+el9.5.0+22758+4ad2c198.noarch
#   nodejs-full-i18n-1:20.18.2-1.module+el9.5.0+22758+4ad2c198.x86_64
#   npm-1:10.8.2-1.20.18.2.1.module+el9.5.0+22758+4ad2c198.x86_64

# Complete!

# confirm
yum module list nodejs
# AppStream
# Name          Stream        Profiles                                     Summary
# nodejs        18            common [d], development, minimal, s2i        Javascript runtime
# nodejs        20 [e]        common [d], development, minimal, s2i        Javascript runtime

# Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 for x86_64 - AppStream (RPMs)
# Name          Stream        Profiles                                     Summary
# nodejs        18            common [d], development, minimal, s2i        Javascript runtime
# nodejs        20 [e]        common [d], development, minimal, s2i        Javascript runtime
# nodejs        22            common [d], development, minimal, s2i        Javascript runtime

# Hint: [d]efault, [e]nabled, [x]disabled, [i]nstalled

# reset module
yum module reset -y nodejs
# Resetting modules:
#  nodejs

# Transaction Summary
# ==================================================================================================

# Complete!

# install nodejs:22/minimal
yum module install -y nodejs:22/minimal --allowerasing
# Installed:
#   nodejs-1:22.11.0-1.module+el9.5.0+22488+08122204.x86_64
#   nodejs-docs-1:22.11.0-1.module+el9.5.0+22488+08122204.noarch
#   nodejs-full-i18n-1:22.11.0-1.module+el9.5.0+22488+08122204.x86_64
#   nodejs-libs-1:22.11.0-1.module+el9.5.0+22488+08122204.x86_64

# Complete!

# confirm
yum module list nodejs
# AppStream
# Name         Stream       Profiles                                        Summary
# nodejs       18           common [d], development, minimal, s2i           Javascript runtime
# nodejs       20           common [d], development, minimal, s2i           Javascript runtime

# Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 for x86_64 - AppStream (RPMs)
# Name         Stream       Profiles                                        Summary
# nodejs       18           common [d], development, minimal, s2i           Javascript runtime
# nodejs       20           common [d], development, minimal, s2i           Javascript runtime
# nodejs       22 [e]       common [d], development, minimal [i], s2i       Javascript runtime

# Hint: [d]efault, [e]nabled, [x]disabled, [i]nstalled

YUM vs. RPM

Feature	YUM	RPM
Dependency Handling	Automatically resolves dependencies	Does not handle dependencies automatically.
Repository Support	Fetches packages from repositories	Requires manual download of `.rpm` files.
Usability	More user-friendly	Requires manual management.
Internet Access	Required	Not required

DNF(Dandified Yum)

DNF (Dandified YUM):
- the next-generation package manager for RPM-based Linux distributions
- replace YUM in systems like Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) 8, CentOS 8, and Fedora.
OS: RHEL 8 / CentOS 8 & Later
Compatibility with YUM
- Retains compatibility with most YUM commands and repository configurations, easing the transition for users.

Configuration Files

DNF’s configuration files path:
- /etc/dnf/
Main Configuration File
- /etc/dnf/dnf.conf
- Controls DNF behavior globally.

[main]
gpgcheck=1
installonly_limit=3
clean_requirements_on_remove=True
best=True
skip_if_unavailable=False

Repository Configuration path:
- /etc/yum.repos.d/ (shared with YUM)

Common Command

CMD	DESC
`dnf system-upgrade`	Upgrading the entire system to a newer release
`dnf list`	Lists available, installed, or upgradable packages.
`dnf history`	Displays the history of DNF transactions.
`dnf clean all`	Cleans cached metadata and packages.
`dnf upgrade -y`	Upgrades all installed packages to the latest versions.
`dnf search keyword`	Searches for packages containing the keyword.
`dnf info package_name_pattern`	Display info
`dnf list installed`	List all installed packages
`dnf list installed package`	List an installed package
`dnf install -y package`	Install package
`dnf upgrade -y package`	Update a package
`dnf remove package`	Remove package
`dnf autoremove`	Keep Your System Clean

Lab: Install and Remove `nginx`

Install

# Check if the package already has been installed
rpm -qa | grep nginx

# confirm Internet connection
ping -c3 google.com


# search package in the remove repositories
# return a list of packages container the target packages name.
dnf search nginx*

# query the package's information
dnf info nginx
# Updating Subscription Management repositories.
# Last metadata expiration check: 0:42:01 ago on Sat 07 Dec 2024 10:53:36 PM EST.
# Available Packages
# Name         : nginx
# Epoch        : 1
# Version      : 1.14.1
# Release      : 9.module+el8.0.0+4108+af250afe
# Architecture : x86_64
# Size         : 570 k
# Source       : nginx-1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0+4108+af250afe.src.rpm
# Repository   : rhel-8-for-x86_64-appstream-rpms
# Summary      : A high performance web server and reverse proxy server
# URL          : http://nginx.org/
# License      : BSD
# Description  : Nginx is a web server and a reverse proxy server for HTTP, SMTP,
#              : POP3 and IMAP protocols, with a strong focus on high concurrency,
#              : performance and low memory usage.


# install nginx as super user
sudo dnf install -y nginx
# Updating Subscription Management repositories.
# Last metadata expiration check: 0:42:37 ago on Sat 07 Dec 2024 10:53:36 PM EST.
# Dependencies resolved.
# ================================================================================
#  Package                     Arch   Version
#                                          Repository                        Size
# ================================================================================
# Installing:
#  nginx                       x86_64 1:1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0+4108+af250afe
#                                          rhel-8-for-x86_64-appstream-rpms 570 k
# Installing dependencies:
#  nginx-all-modules           noarch 1:1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0+4108+af250afe
#                                          rhel-8-for-x86_64-appstream-rpms  24 k
#  nginx-filesystem            noarch 1:1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0+4108+af250afe
#                                          rhel-8-for-x86_64-appstream-rpms  24 k
#  nginx-mod-http-image-filter x86_64 1:1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0+4108+af250afe
#                                          rhel-8-for-x86_64-appstream-rpms  35 k
#  nginx-mod-http-perl         x86_64 1:1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0+4108+af250afe
#                                          rhel-8-for-x86_64-appstream-rpms  46 k
#  nginx-mod-http-xslt-filter  x86_64 1:1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0+4108+af250afe
#                                          rhel-8-for-x86_64-appstream-rpms  34 k
#  nginx-mod-mail              x86_64 1:1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0+4108+af250afe
#                                          rhel-8-for-x86_64-appstream-rpms  64 k
#  nginx-mod-stream            x86_64 1:1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0+4108+af250afe
#                                          rhel-8-for-x86_64-appstream-rpms  85 k
# Enabling module streams:
#  nginx                              1.14

# Transaction Summary
# ================================================================================
# Install  8 Packages

# Total download size: 881 k
# Installed size: 2.0 M
# Downloading Packages:
# (1/8): nginx-filesystem-1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0  39 kB/s |  24 kB     00:00
# (2/8): nginx-mod-http-image-filter-1.14.1-9.mod 206 kB/s |  35 kB     00:00
# (3/8): nginx-all-modules-1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.  29 kB/s |  24 kB     00:00
# (4/8): nginx-1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0+4108+af250 607 kB/s | 570 kB     00:00
# (5/8): nginx-mod-http-perl-1.14.1-9.module+el8. 236 kB/s |  46 kB     00:00
# (6/8): nginx-mod-stream-1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0 270 kB/s |  85 kB     00:00
# (7/8): nginx-mod-http-xslt-filter-1.14.1-9.modu  65 kB/s |  34 kB     00:00
# (8/8): nginx-mod-mail-1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0+4 128 kB/s |  64 kB     00:00
# --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Total                                           610 kB/s | 881 kB     00:01
# Running transaction check
# Transaction check succeeded.
# Running transaction test
# Transaction test succeeded.
# Running transaction
#   Preparing        :                                                        1/1
#   Running scriptlet: nginx-filesystem-1:1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0+4108+af25   1/8
#   Installing       : nginx-filesystem-1:1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0+4108+af25   1/8
#   Installing       : nginx-mod-http-image-filter-1:1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.   2/8
#   Running scriptlet: nginx-mod-http-image-filter-1:1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.   2/8
#   Installing       : nginx-mod-http-perl-1:1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0+4108+a   3/8
#   Running scriptlet: nginx-mod-http-perl-1:1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0+4108+a   3/8
#   Installing       : nginx-mod-http-xslt-filter-1:1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0   4/8
#   Running scriptlet: nginx-mod-http-xslt-filter-1:1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0   4/8
#   Installing       : nginx-mod-mail-1:1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0+4108+af250a   5/8
#   Running scriptlet: nginx-mod-mail-1:1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0+4108+af250a   5/8
#   Installing       : nginx-all-modules-1:1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0+4108+af2   6/8
#   Installing       : nginx-1:1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0+4108+af250afe.x86_64   7/8
#   Running scriptlet: nginx-1:1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0+4108+af250afe.x86_64   7/8
#   Installing       : nginx-mod-stream-1:1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0+4108+af25   8/8
#   Running scriptlet: nginx-mod-stream-1:1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0+4108+af25   8/8
#   Verifying        : nginx-1:1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0+4108+af250afe.x86_64   1/8
#   Verifying        : nginx-all-modules-1:1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0+4108+af2   2/8
#   Verifying        : nginx-filesystem-1:1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0+4108+af25   3/8
#   Verifying        : nginx-mod-http-image-filter-1:1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.   4/8
#   Verifying        : nginx-mod-http-perl-1:1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0+4108+a   5/8
#   Verifying        : nginx-mod-http-xslt-filter-1:1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0   6/8
#   Verifying        : nginx-mod-mail-1:1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0+4108+af250a   7/8
#   Verifying        : nginx-mod-stream-1:1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0+4108+af25   8/8
# Installed products updated.

# Installed:
#   nginx-1:1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0+4108+af250afe.x86_64
#   nginx-all-modules-1:1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0+4108+af250afe.noarch
#   nginx-filesystem-1:1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0+4108+af250afe.noarch
#   nginx-mod-http-image-filter-1:1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0+4108+af250afe.x86_64
#   nginx-mod-http-perl-1:1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0+4108+af250afe.x86_64
#   nginx-mod-http-xslt-filter-1:1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0+4108+af250afe.x86_64
#   nginx-mod-mail-1:1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0+4108+af250afe.x86_64
#   nginx-mod-stream-1:1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0+4108+af250afe.x86_64

# Complete!


# confirm pacakge has been installed
dnf list installed nginx
# Updating Subscription Management repositories.
# Installed Packages
# nginx.x86_64 1:1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0+4108+af250afe @rhel-8-for-x86_64-appstream-rpms
which nginx
# /usr/sbin/nginx

Remove

# remove package
sudo dnf remove -y nginx
# Updating Subscription Management repositories.
# Dependencies resolved.
# ===================================================================================================
#  Package    Arch   Version                                 Repository                         Size
# ===================================================================================================
# Removing:
#  nginx      x86_64 1:1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0+4108+af250afe @rhel-8-for-x86_64-appstream-rpms 1.7 M
# Removing unused dependencies:
#  nginx-all-modules
#             noarch 1:1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0+4108+af250afe @rhel-8-for-x86_64-appstream-rpms   0
#  nginx-filesystem
#             noarch 1:1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0+4108+af250afe @rhel-8-for-x86_64-appstream-rpms   0
#  nginx-mod-http-image-filter
#             x86_64 1:1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0+4108+af250afe @rhel-8-for-x86_64-appstream-rpms  29 k
#  nginx-mod-http-perl
#             x86_64 1:1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0+4108+af250afe @rhel-8-for-x86_64-appstream-rpms  61 k
#  nginx-mod-http-xslt-filter
#             x86_64 1:1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0+4108+af250afe @rhel-8-for-x86_64-appstream-rpms  25 k
#  nginx-mod-mail
#             x86_64 1:1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0+4108+af250afe @rhel-8-for-x86_64-appstream-rpms 113 k
#  nginx-mod-stream
#             x86_64 1:1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0+4108+af250afe @rhel-8-for-x86_64-appstream-rpms 171 k

# Transaction Summary
# ===================================================================================================
# Remove  8 Packages

# Freed space: 2.0 M
# Running transaction check
# Transaction check succeeded.
# Running transaction test
# Transaction test succeeded.
# Running transaction
#   Preparing        :                                                                           1/1
#   Running scriptlet: nginx-mod-http-image-filter-1:1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0+4108+af250afe.x86   1/1
#   Erasing          : nginx-mod-http-image-filter-1:1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0+4108+af250afe.x86   1/8
#   Erasing          : nginx-mod-http-perl-1:1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0+4108+af250afe.x86_64        2/8
#   Erasing          : nginx-mod-http-xslt-filter-1:1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0+4108+af250afe.x86_   3/8
#   Erasing          : nginx-mod-mail-1:1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0+4108+af250afe.x86_64             4/8
#   Erasing          : nginx-mod-stream-1:1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0+4108+af250afe.x86_64           5/8
#   Running scriptlet: nginx-1:1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0+4108+af250afe.x86_64                      6/8
#   Erasing          : nginx-1:1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0+4108+af250afe.x86_64                      6/8
#   Running scriptlet: nginx-1:1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0+4108+af250afe.x86_64                      6/8
#   Erasing          : nginx-all-modules-1:1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0+4108+af250afe.noarch          7/8
#   Erasing          : nginx-filesystem-1:1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0+4108+af250afe.noarch           8/8
#   Running scriptlet: nginx-filesystem-1:1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0+4108+af250afe.noarch           8/8
#   Verifying        : nginx-1:1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0+4108+af250afe.x86_64                      1/8
#   Verifying        : nginx-all-modules-1:1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0+4108+af250afe.noarch          2/8
#   Verifying        : nginx-filesystem-1:1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0+4108+af250afe.noarch           3/8
#   Verifying        : nginx-mod-http-image-filter-1:1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0+4108+af250afe.x86   4/8
#   Verifying        : nginx-mod-http-perl-1:1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0+4108+af250afe.x86_64        5/8
#   Verifying        : nginx-mod-http-xslt-filter-1:1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0+4108+af250afe.x86_   6/8
#   Verifying        : nginx-mod-mail-1:1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0+4108+af250afe.x86_64             7/8
#   Verifying        : nginx-mod-stream-1:1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0+4108+af250afe.x86_64           8/8
# Installed products updated.

# Removed:
#   nginx-1:1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0+4108+af250afe.x86_64
#   nginx-all-modules-1:1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0+4108+af250afe.noarch
#   nginx-filesystem-1:1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0+4108+af250afe.noarch
#   nginx-mod-http-image-filter-1:1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0+4108+af250afe.x86_64
#   nginx-mod-http-perl-1:1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0+4108+af250afe.x86_64
#   nginx-mod-http-xslt-filter-1:1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0+4108+af250afe.x86_64
#   nginx-mod-mail-1:1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0+4108+af250afe.x86_64
#   nginx-mod-stream-1:1.14.1-9.module+el8.0.0+4108+af250afe.x86_64

# Complete!

# Confirm
dnf list installed nginx
# Updating Subscription Management repositories.
# Error: No matching Packages to list

`DEB` Distro

`APT`: Advanced Packaging Tool

apt
- Combination of apt-cache and apt-get

CMD	DESC
`apt`
`apt-get update`	Update the local list of remote packages
`apt-get upgrade -y`	Upgrade all installed packages
`apt-get install -y package`	Install package
`apt-get remove package`	Remove package, leaving configuration
`apt-get purge package`	Remove package, deleting configuration
`apt-cache search string`	Search for string
`apt-cache show package`	Display information about the package
`apt upgrade -y`
`apt update -y`
`apt search package`
`apt install -y package`
`apt purge package`
`apt list --installed`	List all packages

Keep Your System Clean
- apt autoremove

`dpkg`: low-level package manager

DPKG
- Debian Package Manager
- a low-level package manager
- allows users to install, build, remove, and manage Debian packages on Debian-based systems.

CMD	DESC
`dpkg -l`	List the installed packages
`dpkg -S /path/to/file`	List the file’s package
`dpkg -L package`	List all the files in package
`dpkg -i package.deb`	Install the package
`dpkg -r package`	Remove (uninstall) the package

TOP

Note_Tech

Linux - Software: Package

Package & Package Manager

Local Repository

createrepo Tool

!Lab: Create a Local Repository

System Upgrade/Patch Management

yum update vs yum upgrade

dnf update and dnf upgrade

RPM(Red Hat Package Manager)

Configuration File

Common Command

Lab: validate a package

Lab: Package Management Tasks

Lab: restore a corrupted package

Lab: Install, Get CF, and Remove nginx Manually

YUM (Yellowdog Updater, Modified)

Application Streams and Modules

BaseOS

Application Stream (AppStream).

Configuration File

Common Command

Repository

Repository Configuration File

Common Commands

Lab: View the Existing Repository

Lab: Repository Cached Data

Lab: Add a New Repository

Lab: Disable a repository

Lab: Configure Access to PreBuilt ISO Repositories

Individual Package Management

Lab: Individual Package Management

Lab: detemine the package of a file

Package Group Management

Lab: Package Group Management

Module Management

Lab: Manipulate Modules

Lab: Install a Module from an Alternative Stream

YUM vs. RPM

DNF(Dandified Yum)

Configuration Files

Common Command

Lab: Install and Remove nginx

DEB Distro

APT: Advanced Packaging Tool

dpkg: low-level package manager

`createrepo` Tool

`yum update` vs `yum upgrade`

`dnf update` and `dnf upgrade`

Lab: Install, Get CF, and Remove `nginx` Manually

Lab: Install and Remove `nginx`

`DEB` Distro

`APT`: Advanced Packaging Tool

`dpkg`: low-level package manager